TL9000认证是专为通讯行业设计的质量管理标准。

TL9000认证基于ISO9000是由QUEST开发的，来自电信行业主要代表决定，通过制订TL9000认证行业专业标准和清晰的目标，达到持续改进的目的。

TL什么意思

氢 2.1 锂 0.98 铍 1.57 硼 2.04 碳 2.55 氮 3.04 氧 3.44 氟 3.98

钠 0.93 镁 1.31 铝 1.61 硅 1.90 磷 2.19 硫 2.58 氯 3.16

钾 0.82 钙 1.00 锰 1.55 铁 1.83 镍 1.91 铜 1.9 锌 1.65 镓 1.81 锗 2.01 砷 2.18 硒 2.48 溴 2.96

铷 0.82 锶 0.95 银 1.93 碘 2.66 钡 0.89 金 2.54 铅 2.33

一般来说，电负性大于1.8的是非金属元素，而小于等于1.8的往往是金属元素（当然，其中也存在例外）

标准电极电势表

半反应 E° (V) 来源

&-9

Zz 9

N  N2(g) + H+ + e− HN3(aq) -3.09 [6]

Li+ + e− Li(s) -3.0401 [5]

N2(g) + 4 H2O + 2 e− 2 NH2OH(aq) + 2 OH− -3.04 [6]

Cs+ + e− Cs(s) -3.026 [5]

Rb+ + e− Rb(s) -2.98 [4]

K+ + e− K(s) -2.931 [5]

Ba2+ + 2 e− Ba(s) -2.912 [5]

La(OH)3(s) + 3 e− La(s) + 3OH− -2.90 [5]

Sr2+ + 2 e− Sr(s) -2.899 [5]

Ca2+ + 2 e− Ca(s) -2.868 [5]

Eu2+ + 2 e− Eu(s) -2.812 [5]

Ra2+ + 2 e− Ra(s) -2.8 [5]

Na+ + e− Na(s) -2.71 [5][9]

La3+ + 3 e− La(s) -2.379 [5]

Y3+ + 3 e− Y(s) -2.372 [5]

Mg2+ + 2 e− Mg(s) -2.372 [5]

ZrO(OH)2(s) + H2O + 4 e− Zr(s) + 4OH− -2.36 [5]

Al(OH)4− + 3 e− Al(s) + 4 OH− -2.33

Al(OH)3(s) + 3 e− Al(s) + 3OH− -2.31

H2(g) + 2 e− 2 H− -2.25

Ac3+ + 3 e− Ac(s) -2.20

Be2+ + 2 e− Be(s) -1.85

U3+ + 3 e− U(s) -1.66 [7]

Al3+ + 3 e− Al(s) -1.66 [9]

Ti2+ + 2 e− Ti(s) -1.63 [9]

ZrO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− Zr(s) + 2 H2O -1.553 [5]

Zr4+ + 4 e− Zr(s) -1.45 [5]

TiO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− Ti(s) + H2O -1.31

Ti2O3(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 2 TiO(s) + H2O -1.23

Ti3+ + 3 e− Ti(s) -1.21

Te(s) + 2 e− Te2− -1.143 [2]

V2+ + 2 e− V(s) -1.13 [2]

Nb3+ + 3 e− Nb(s) -1.099

Sn(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− SnH4(g) -1.07

Mn2+ + 2 e− Mn(s) -1.029 [9]

SiO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− Si(s) + 2 H2O -0.91

B(OH)3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− B(s) + 3 H2O -0.89

TiO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e− Ti(s) + H2O -0.86

Bi(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e− BiH3 -0.8

H2 H2O + 2 e− H2(g) + 2 OH− -0.8277 [5]

Zn2+ + 2 e− Zn(Hg) -0.7628 [5]

Zn2+ + 2 e− Zn(s) -0.7618 [5]

Ta2O5(s) + 10 H+ + 10 e− 2 Ta(s) + 5 H2O -0.75

Cr3+ + 3 e− Cr(s) -0.74

Au[Au(CN)2]− + e− Au(s) + 2 CN− -0.60

Ta3+ + 3 e− Ta(s) -0.6

PbO(s) + H2O + 2 e− Pb(s) + 2 OH− -0.58

Ti2 TiO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− Ti2O3(s) + H2O -0.56

Ga3+ + 3 e− Ga(s) -0.53

U4+ + e− U3+ -0.52 [7]

P H3PO2(aq) + H+ + e− P(白磷[10]) + 2 H2O -0.508 [5]

P H3PO3(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H3PO2(aq) + H2O -0.499 [5]

P H3PO3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− P(红磷)[10] + 3H2O -0.454 [5]

Fe2+ + 2 e− Fe(s) -0.44 [9]

C2 CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− HOOCCOOH(aq) -0.43

Cr3+ + e− Cr2+ -0.42

Cd2+ + 2 e− Cd(s) -0.40 [9]

GeO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− GeO(s) + H2O -0.37

Cu2O(s) + H2O + 2 e− 2 Cu(s) + 2 OH− -0.360 [5]

PbSO4(s) + 2 e− Pb(s) + SO42− -0.3588 [5]

PbSO4(s) + 2 e− Pb(Hg) + SO42− -0.3505 [5]

Eu3+ + e− Eu2+ -0.35 [7]

In3+ + 3 e− In(s) 0.34 [2]

Tl+ + e− Tl(s) -0.34 [2]

Ge(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− GeH4(g) -0.29

Co2+ + 2 e− Co(s) -0.28 [5]

P H3PO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H3PO3(aq) + H2O -0.276 [5]

V3+ + e− V2+ 0.26 [9]

Ni2+ + 2 e− Ni(s) -0.25

As(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e− AsH3(g) -0.23 [2]

MoO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− Mo(s) + 2 H2O -0.15

Si(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− SiH4(g) -0.14

Sn2+ + 2 e− Sn(s) -0.13

O2(g) + H+ + e− HO2•(aq) -0.13

Pb2+ + 2 e− Pb(s) -0.13 [9]

WO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− W(s) + 2 H2O -0.12

P(红磷) + 3 H+ + 3 e− PH3(g) -0.111 [5]

C CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− HCOOH(aq) -0.11

Se(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H2Se(g) -0.11

C CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− CO(g) + H2O -0.11

SnO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− Sn(s) + H2O -0.10

SnO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− SnO(s) + H2O -0.09

WO3(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e− W(s) + 3 H2O -0.09 [2]

P(白磷) + 3 H+ + 3 e− PH3(g) -0.063 [5]

C HCOOH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− HCHO(aq) + H2O -0.03

H 2 H+ + 2 e− H2(g) ≡ 0

S4O62− + 2 e− 2 S2O32− +0.08

Fe3O4(s) + 8 H+ + 8 e− 3 Fe(s) + 4 H2O +0.085 [8]

N2(g) + 2 H2O + 6H+ + 6 e− 2 NH4OH(aq) +0.092

HgO(s) + H2O + 2 e− Hg(l) + 2 OH− +0.0977

Cu(NH3)42+ + e− Cu(NH3)2+ + 2 NH3 +0.10 [2]

Ru(NH3)63+ + e− Ru(NH3)62+ +0.10 [7]

N2H4(aq) + 4 H2O + 2 e− 2 NH4+ + 4 OH− +0.11 [6]

Mo H2MoO4(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e− Mo(s) + 4 H2O +0.11

Ge4+ + 4 e− Ge(s) +0.12

C(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− CH4(g) +0.13 [2]

C HCHO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− CH3OH(aq) +0.13

S(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H2S(g) +0.14

Sn4+ + 2 e− Sn2+ +0.15

Cu2+ + e− Cu+ +0.159 [2]

S HSO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e− SO2(aq) + 2 H2O +0.16

UO22+ + e− UO2+ +0.163 [7]

S SO42− + 4 H+ + 2 e− SO2(aq) + 2 H2O +0.17

TiO2+ + 2 H+ + e− Ti3+ + H2O +0.19

Bi3+ + 2e− Bi+ +0.2

SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e− Sb(s) + H2O +0.20

As H3AsO3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− As(s) + 3 H2O +0.24

GeO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− Ge(s) + H2O +0.26

UO2+ + 4 H+ + e− U4+ + 2 H2O +0.273 [7]

Re3+ + 3 e− Re(s) +0.300

Bi3+ + 3 e− Bi(s) +0.32

VO2+ + 2 H+ + e− V3+ + H2O +0.34

Cu2+ + 2 e− Cu(s) +0.340 [2]

Fe [Fe(CN)6]3− + e− [Fe(CN)6]4− +0.36

O2(g) + 2 H2O + 4 e− 4 OH−(aq) +0.40 [9]

Mo H2MoO4 + 6 H+ + 3 e− Mo3+ + 2 H2O +0.43

Bi+ + e− Bi(s) +0.50

C CH3OH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− CH4(g) + H2O +0.50

S SO2(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e− S(s) + 2 H2O +0.50

Cu+ + e− Cu(s) +0.520 [2]

C CO(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− C(s) + H2O +0.52

I2(s) + 2 e− 2 I− +0.54 [9]

I3− + 2 e− 3 I− +0.53 [9]

Au [AuI4]− + 3 e− Au(s) + 4 I− +0.56

As H3AsO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H3AsO3(aq) + H2O +0.56

Au [AuI2]− + e− Au(s) + 2 I− +0.58

MnO4− + 2 H2O + 3 e− MnO2(s) + 4 OH− +0.59

S2O32 − + 6 H+ + 4 e− 2 S(s) + 3 H2O +0.60

Mo H2MoO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− MoO2(s) + 2 H2O +0.65

O2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H2O2(aq) +0.70

Tl3+ + 3 e− Tl(s) +0.72

PtCl62− + 2 e− PtCl42− + 2 Cl− +0.726 [7]

Se H2SeO3(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e− Se(s) + 3 H2O +0.74

PtCl42− + 2 e− Pt(s) + 4 Cl− +0.758 [7]

Fe3+ + e− Fe2+ +0.77

Ag+ + e− Ag(s) +0.7996 [5]

Hg22+ + 2 e− 2 Hg(l) +0.80

N NO3−(aq) + 2 H+ + e− NO2(g) + H2O +0.80

Au [AuBr4]− + 3 e− Au(s) + 4 Br− +0.85

Hg2+ + 2 e− Hg(l) +0.85

MnO4− + H+ + e− HMnO4− +0.90

Hg 2 Hg2+ + 2 e− Hg22+ +0.91 [2]

Pd2+ + 2 e− Pd(s) +0.915 [7]

Au [AuCl4]− + 3 e− Au(s) + 4 Cl− +0.93

MnO2(s) + 4 H+ + e− Mn3+ + 2 H2O +0.95

Au [AuBr2]− + e− Au(s) + 2 Br− +0.96

Br2(l) + 2 e− 2 Br− +1.07

Br2(aq) + 2 e− 2 Br− +1.09 [9]

I IO3− + 5 H+ + 4 e− HIO(aq) + 2 H2O +1.13

Au [AuCl2]− + e− Au(s) + 2 Cl− +1.15

Se HSeO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e− H2SeO3(aq) + H2O +1.15

Ag2O(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 2 Ag(s) + H2O +1.17

ClO3− + 2 H+ + e− ClO2(g) + H2O +1.18

Pt2+ + 2 e− Pt(s) +1.188 [7]

ClO2(g) + H+ + e− HClO2(aq) +1.19

I 2 IO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e− I2(s) + 6 H2O +1.20

ClO4− + 2 H+ + 2 e− ClO3− + H2O +1.20

O2(g) + 4 H+ + 4 e− 2 H2O +1.23 [9]

MnO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− Mn2+ + 2H2O +1.23

Tl3+ + 2 e− Tl+ +1.25

Cl2(g) + 2 e− 2 Cl− +1.36 [9]

Cr2O7− − + 14 H+ + 6 e− 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O +1.33

CoO2(s) + 4 H+ + e− Co3+ + 2 H2O +1.42

N 2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e− N2H5+ + 2 H2O +1.42 [6]

I 2 HIO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− I2(s) + 2 H2O +1.44

Ce4+ + e− Ce3+ +1.44

BrO3− + 5 H+ + 4 e− HBrO(aq) + 2 H2O +1.45

PbO β-PbO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− Pb2+ + 2 H2O +1.460 [2]

PbO α-PbO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− Pb2+ + 2 H2O +1.468 [2]

Br 2 BrO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e− Br2(l) + 6 H2O +1.48

Cl 2ClO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e− Cl2(g) + 6 H2O +1.49

MnO4− + 8 H+ + 5 e− Mn2+ + 4 H2O +1.51

O HO2• + H+ + e− H2O2(aq) +1.51

Au3+ + 3 e− Au(s) +1.52

NiO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− Ni2+ + 2 OH− +1.59

Cl 2 HClO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− Cl2(g) + 2 H2O +1.63

Ag2O3(s) + 6 H+ + 4 e− 2 Ag+ + 3 H2O +1.67

Cl HClO2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− HClO(aq) + H2O +1.67

Pb4+ + 2 e− Pb2+ +1.69 [2]

MnO4− + 4 H+ + 3 e− MnO2(s) + 2 H2O +1.70

O H2O2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 2 H2O +1.78

AgO(s) + 2 H+ + e− Ag+ + H2O +1.77

Co3+ + e− Co2+ +1.82

Au+ + e− Au(s) +1.83 [2]

BrO4− + 2 H+ + 2 e− BrO3− + H2O +1.85

Ag2+ + e− Ag+ +1.98 [2]

S2O82− + 2 e− 2 SO42− +2.07

O3(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− O2(g) + H2O +2.075 [7]

Mn HMnO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e− MnO2(s) + 2 H2O +2.09

F2(g) + 2 e− 2 F− +2.87 [2][9]

F2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 2 HF(aq) +3.05 [2]

TL:Transform and Lighting，这是nVidia为提高画质而研究出来的一种新型技术，以往的显卡技术中，为了使物体图象真实，就不得不大量增加多边形设计，这样就会导致速度下降，而采用较少的多边形呢，画面又很粗糙。GeForce256中采用的这种T&L技术其特点是能在不增加物体多边形的前提下，进一步提高物体表面的边缘圆滑程度，使图像更真实准确生动。此外光源的作用也得到了重视：传统的光源处理较为单一，无生动感可言，而GeForce256拥有强大的光源处理能力，在硬件上它支持8个独立光源，加上GPU的支持，即时处理的光源将让画面变得更加生动真实，可以产生带有反射性质的光源效果。

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